Crystalline metallic nano-particles and colloids thereof

ABSTRACT

The subject of the present invention is a method of producing, properties and applications of crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) and colloids thereof manufactured using an electrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys as well as the crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) themselves, and in particular their shape, composition, structure and characteristic properties

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The subject of the present invention is a method of producing propertiesand applications of crystalline metallic nano-particles(nano-crystallites) and colloids thereof, manufactured using anelectrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys aswell as the crystalline metallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites)themselves, and in particular their shape, composition, structure andcharacteristic properties.

The crux of the present invention is the manufacture of crystallinemetallic nano-particles (nano-crystallites) and colloids thereof usingan electrical, non-explosive method of degrading metals and theiralloys, the properties and applications of crystalline metallicnano-particles and colloids thereof, as well as the crystalline metallicnano-particles (nano-crystallites) themselves, and in particular theirshape, composition, structure and characteristic properties.

Earlier patent applications by the same inventors, in particular PolishPatent Nos. 365435, 371355 and 328182 describe an electro-explosivemethod of obtaining metallic colloids and their applications.

The present goal of the inventors is to create metallic nano-crystallinestructures (nano-crystallites) and their colloids using an electrical,non-explosive method of degrading metals and their alloys.

The significant characteristics of the subjects of the present inventionare defined in the attached patent claims.

The subject of the invention is a method of producing a colloid or itsderivative, characterized in that the electrical conductor in the formof a solid is placed in a dispersion medium, subjected to electricaldisintegration by a controlled current from a charged electricalcondenser, wherein the process of electrical disintegration isnon-explosive and the temperature of degradation of the conductor islower than its melting temperature, and the electrically conductingsubstance forms the dispersed phase of the colloid produced.

Preferably, the sizes of the nano-particles of the dispersed phase arecontained in the statistical range from 20 to 80 Angstroms, and thesizes of the microparticles produced are larger than 80 Angstroms. Thenano-particles of the dispersed phase typically may vary in size from 2to 8 nm, with an average value of 3.5 nm, wherein they assume the shapeof platelets with a typical thickness of 3-5 atoms. Preferably, thedegradation time of the metal conductor lasts around 4-5 microsecondsand a plasma channel does not appear around the conductor. Preferably,the fragments of the metal conductor produced are nano-crystallites withan atomic crystal structure identical to the input material, and thecontent of melted metal particles or metallic spheroids is less than50%, and preferentially no more than 10%.

Further preferably, the oscillogram of the current is sinusoidal,interrupted in time or during the second oscillation and is not a spikeevent. The electrical current density may be from 1 kA to 50 kA. Theelectrically conducting substance may be selected from a groupcontaining chemically pure metals, metals contaminated with additives,alloys or solid-state mixtures of metals, alloys of metals andsemiconductors or dielectrics. The dispersion medium may be a liquid,gas, dispersed gas (gas at low pressure), a combination thereof or avacuum. The dispersion medium may contain at least one of the followingcomponents: water, gas, liquified gas, aerosols, gels, oils and organicliquids such as liquid hydrocarbons, crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil,heating oil, or a mixture thereof.

The colloid produced containing nano-particles may be introduced intoanother medium, preferentially a liquid or a gaseous one, or apolymerizing substance. Preferably, prior to placement in the othermedium, at least a portion of the initial dispersion medium is removed.The manufacturing process of the nanoparticles or colloids may beperformed manually or using an automated method and appropriateequipment. The process may be performed continually or intermittently.The electrical degradation may be performed in the target environment orin a colloid, preferentially obtaining one of the following systems:silver in vitamins, gold in sterile distilled water or physiologicalsolutions, chromium-nickel in silicon oils, palladium in benzene ortoluene, paraffin oil, crude oil or oil, silver and/or gold in anacetylsalicylic acid solution, silver in alcohol, gasoline, crude oil,refined oil or glycerine. The colloid formed may be non-ionic and/orstable and visible sedimentation does not occur in it.

The next subject of the invention are nano-particles of an electricallyconducting substance, characterized in that they are non-ionic,crystalline fragments of an electrically conducting substance in theform of platelets with a typical size ranging from 2 to 8 nm,preferentially on average about 3.5 nm, and a typical thickness of about3-5 atomic layers, preferentially with a homogenous metallic structurelacking chemical impurities and crystalline defects. Preferably, theelectrically conducting substance is selected from a group containingchemically pure metals, metals contaminated (on purpose) with additives,alloys or solid-state mixtures of metals, alloys of metals andsemiconductors or dielectrics.

The next subject of the invention is a colloid, characterized in that itcontains:

a) a dispersed phase composed of nano-particles of an electricallyconducting substance, in the form of non-ionic, crystalline fragments ofan electrically conducting substance in the form of platelets with atypical size ranging from 2 to 8 nm, preferentially on average about 3.5nm, and a typical thickness of about 3-5 atomic layers, preferentiallywith a homogenous metallic structure lacking chemical impurities andcrystalline defects.

b) a dispersion medium being a liquid or a gas or a mixture thereof.

A colloid according to the invention may be additionally dispersed in agas, liquid, vapour or a mixture thereof, or in a polymerizing substanceor a polymer. Preferably, the electrically conducting substance isselected from a group containing chemically pure metals, metalsintentionally contaminated with additives, alloys of metals, alloys ofmetals and semiconductors or dielectrics, or pseudoalloys. Preferably,the electrically conducting substance is a precious metal or its alloy.

A colloid according to the invention may be one of the followingsystems: silver in vitamins, gold in sterile distilled water orphysiological solution, chromo-nickel in silicon oils, palladium inbenzene or toluene, naphtha, crude oil or oil, silver and/or gold in anacetylsalicylic acid solution, silver in alcohol, gasoline, crude oil,or refined oil.

The next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particlesaccording to the invention or a colloid according to the invention, asdefined above, in the manufacturing of products selected from amongst:pharmaceutical agents, household chemicals, industrial chemicals,agricultural agents and veterinary agents. Preferably, pharmaceuticalagents are manufactured using a colloid containing a precious metal,preferentially silver, copper or gold or an alloy of the above metalswith an addition of at least one substance selected from among gold,palladium, platinides, copper and other nonprecious metals. Thepharmaceutical agent produced may be a preparation selected from among:antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, anti-tumour preparations, andpreferentially selected from among disinfectants, decontaminants,prophylactics or treatments. The preparation produced may be in the formof an aqueous suspension containing nano-particles of silver, its alloysor other metals.

The next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particlesaccording or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, inthe manufacturing of electronic materials, in particularelectrically-conducting glues, inks for printing electrical circuits,and elements of passive electrical circuits or greases for electricalcontacts.

The next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particlesaccording or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, inthe production of paints, varnishes, fillers, putty, and other coatingsor fillers with the following properties: antibacterial, antifungal,antimold, antiviral and antielectrostatic, or ones absorbingelectromagnetic or ionizing radiation. Preferably, a colloid or itsderivative contains a metal in order to be an efficient electricalconductor, preferentially copper and its alloys.

The next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particlesaccording or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, inthe manufacture of fuels, lubricants, enhancing additives thereof orcatalysts for the enhancement and purification in fuel combustion suchas: hydrocarbons or space rocket fuel. Preferably, a colloid or itsderivative contains a platinide.

The next subject of the invention concerns a use of nano-particlesaccording or a colloid according to the invention, as defined above, inthe manufacturing of a preparation for decontamination, disinfection,prophylaxis or treatment, for use in particular in one of the followingdisciplines: dermatology, eye medicine, laryngology, urology,gynaecology, rheumatology, oncology, surgery, veterinary medicine,dentistry, in particular in the treatment of halitosis, plantprotection, food technology, in particular in the conservation anddisinfection of food preparation and storage equipment, etc.

Due to their unique properties, nano-particles, according to the presentinvention, can find numerous applications, particularly in themanufacturing of preparations for: conservation (e.g. of food orbeverages); purifying water; non-antibiotic growth stimulants; theinternal and external antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protectionof eggs (particularly chicken eggs), especially against variousbacterial infections of Salmonella, Escherichia, (e.g. E. coli),Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus (e.g. S. aureus) and Streptococus;antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protection of animal farms;antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protection and/or production oftextiles, clothing, footwear, synthetic and natural materials,construction materials, paints and varnishes, wound dressings, dietarysupplements, nutrient supplements, washing and ironing preparations,chewing gum, sweets, food, cosmetics, toothpaste, mouthwash, dressings,sticking plasters, gel dressings, gels, hygienic pads and tampons,gauze, cotton, diapers, bandages, feed supplements, water additives,beverage additives, beverages, medical and veterinary preparations,immunostimulatory preparations, energy drinks, gels and pastes; in themanufacturing of polymer or cellulose antibacterial foils; in themanufacturing of antibacterial packaging and containers; in themanufacturing of superconductors; in the manufacturing of photographicfilms, photosensitive materials and photosensitive arrays (e.g.LCD-type); in the manufacturing of protective preparations for plants;antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal protection of public spaces;production of paints, varnishes and coatings which reflect or absorbelectromagnetic radiation, particularly microwaves; in the manufacturingof cosmetic and personal care preparations, e.g. rejuvenatingpreparations; in the manufacturing of anti-inflammatory andanti-rheumatoid preparations; in the manufacturing of orallyadministered preparations, both those meant for ingestion as well asthose meant for oral rinsing, preparations in the form of liquids,lotions and gels and solid preparations; in the manufacturing ofinjectable preparations; in the manufacturing of preparations for aidinghealing; in the manufacturing of antibacterial, antiviral and antifungalpreparations or ones possessing combined properties, e.g.antibacterial-antifungal, antibacterial-antiviral,antibacterial-antifungal-antiviral; in the manufacturing of preparationsfor use in veterinary medicine, animal care and rearing; in themanufacturing and conservation of beverages; in the manufacturing offilters, including cigarette filters; in the manufacturing of antistaticpreparations and materials; in the manufacturing of photovoltaic andelectrovoltaic cells; in the manufacturing of batteries and accumulatingbatteries; in the manufacturing of preparations containing anelectrically conductive material or its alloy, which may contain otheradditives in the form of nano-particles; in antibacterial and antifungalapplications, medicine, sanitization, disinfection, applicationsrequiring bactericides or fungicides, antibacterial and antifungalprophylaxis, plant protection, domestic animal protection, foodconservation, cosmetics, wound dressings, antibacterial wound dressings,medical and cosmetic gels, wound dressing and regenerative gels (i.e.for burns), safety and conservation of food products, in particulareasily spoiled goods such as eggs and their derivatives, ice-cream,mayonnaise, cheese, fish, seafood, meat (in particular ground meat)fruits and vegetables, water and beverage additives, diet supplements,cosmetics (creams, gels, lotions, tonics, pastes, liquids and soaps, aswell as household products) additives for laundry and ironing, washingup, washing, protection of textiles, conservation of footwear,disinfection of spaces and surfaces, disinfection and protection ofagricultural enterprises including animal inventory, protection of thebody and feet, protection of plants, in particular fruit, vegetables andflowers, nanobiotics, disinfection, and purification of water; in themanufacturing of immunostimulants, food supplements, fuel additives forincreasing their energy yield and shelf-life, fuel additives fordecreasing the pollutants produced during combustion, lubricantadditives for improving their mechanical properties, antiviral agents;to be applied as “enhancers” for improving material the properties ofvarious materials (those substances to which they are added); in themanufacturing of next generation products, such as anti-bacterial foils;in the treatment of bacterial, fungal and viral infections; in themanufacturing of electrically conductive substances such as paints,varnishes, foils and coatings; for use as antistatics in polymers suchas nylon, polymer, fibrous materials for use in textiles; and in theproduction of antistatic fibres.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To better illustrate the nature of the present invention, thedescription has been supplemented with the following figures:

FIG. 1 presents photographs (A, B, C and D) which show images of metalfragments produced using explosive metal degradation. (SEM—ScanningElectron Microscope, 50,000× magnification). Spheroids with diameters ofabout 200 nm and about 50 nm are visible.

FIG. 2 shows a direct photographic image of a reactor in which explosivedegradation of wire was performed. A plasma region is visible in thephotograph. FIG. 2 illustrates explosive degradation of wire with avisible plasma channel.

FIG. 3 presents an oscilloscope readout of the (oscillograph) condensercurrent charging the circuit in which the explosive degradation of wireoccurs. Current amperage as a function of time is independent of the RLCvalue in the circuit. The oscillogram presents a “spike surge” whichoccurs very briefly in conjunction with the time constant of the LCcircuit. Oscillogram of the explosion. The explosion lasts for less than0.5 microseconds.

FIG. 4 presents an oscillogram of a condenser current discharged via ajumper. Condenser current amperage is dependent on RLC circuitconstants. This oscillogram shows the graph of a current alteringsinusoidally with an exponentially decreasing amplitude. The oscillationfrequency is the known function of induction (L) and circuit capacity(C). A “template” oscillogram of a current obtained from a condenserclosed off with a “jumper”. Oscillation period of about 4 microseconds.

FIG. 5 presents an image of metal fragments produced via thenon-explosive degradation of wire (TEM—Transmission ElectronMicroscopy). The silver platelets are so thin, that the graphitesubstrate of the carbon substrate membrane is “visible” through them.

FIG. 6 presents the non-explosive degradation of wire in a waterreactor. The direct image is an analog photographic record from areactor in which the non-explosive degradation of wire was taking place.Plasma is not visible in the photograph. Tracks formed by metalfragments ejected from the wire are visible. A characteristic brushpattern occurs. Bubbles of water vapour and gasses dissolved in water(oxygen, nitrogen) are also visible, resulting from an ultrasoniccavitational effect.

FIG. 7 presents an oscillogram of a current in connection with thenon-explosive degradation of wire. In contrast to the oscillogram fromFIG. 3, the current in this case is a root (square root) of thefunctions of the constant values of the circuit (RLC). The point atwhich the current is lost (time axis) corresponds to the time ofdegradation. Oscillograph of non-explosive degradation: the duration ofthe event is about 4-5 microseconds (compare to the explosion above,less than 0.5 microseconds).

FIG. 8 presents magnified crystalline metallic nano-particles(nano-crystallites) using TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy. Thesilver platelets are so thin, that the graphite substrate of the carbonsubstrate membrane is “visible” through them.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The non-explosive method of metal and alloy degradation according to thepresent invention turns out to be better and more effective than theknown, explosive method of metal (wire) degradation.

Use of the non-explosive method produced nano-crystallites and theirnon-ionic colloids with highly desirable physicochemical and utilitarianproperties. The non-explosive degradation process of metals, being thesubject of the present application, is a great step forward in theamelioration improvement of nano-particle production, in relation to theexplosive method.

The literature regarding the explosive behaviour of wires treated withelectrical current is very extensive. The phenomenon of the explosivedegradation of wire has been known since Faraday's time. As early as inthe XIX century, it was noted that a high-density current causes theviolent disintegration of a conductor. Thus, at a comparatively earlystage of electrical and material studies during the XIX century, themelting (softening) currents of metals were determined. It turned outthat under the influence of high-amperage direct currents, most metalsundergo rapid softening. This occurs when the internal, electricalcharge potential measured per centimeter of length of the conductor isabout 0.5 volts. It was measured that in the case of silver, which wasthe best known electrical conductor (specific resistance 1.63 micro Ohmscm) under a charge of barely 0.5 volts (per cm length) the electricalcurrent reaches a charge density of about 300.000 A/cm². Under theinfluence of such a great charge, the conductor softens and melts. Rapidmelting of metals occurs particularly at the junction of two conductors,since it is there that most Joule heat is produced. Metal melting underthe influence of strong currents occurs mainly at junctions. This effecthas found many applications in welding techniques, known as contactwelding or resistance welding.

An electric current of a high density delineates the lower electricalboundary of metal stability. However, intensive external cooling of themetal results in an increase of the critical currents mentioned herein.Thus, to achieve melting in a metal rapidly cooled by air, water, liquidnitrogen, etc., one requires much larger current densities than thosefound in electrical engineering texts (handbooks) as melting currents ofmetal. The authors' experiments showed that even with the most efficientmetal cooling, current density may not be infinitely increased. In theauthors' experiments, a thin silver foil was cooled with a stream ofliquid helium. It was observed that despite such effective cooling,short electrical impulses of high-density current cause an explosion.Thus, in conclusion, the upper bounds of electrical metal stability weredetermined for each metal known. Both of the above terms are introducedhere by the authors of the present invention. The very existence of theupper and lower boundaries of electrostability has an important, thoughoften overlooked empirical significance in both: physics and electricalscience.

As a result of research performed by the authors, it was determinedthat: “Each metal is capable of conducting electricity up to an a prioridetermined critical level of current density”. The metal explodes afterthis upper boundary is exceeded, as determined empirically.

In practice, we rarely use metals immersed in the liquid cryogenicsubstances such as N₂l or He₂l. Electrically stimulated metaldegradation processes in water or organic liquids are more typical,since they are technologically successful. These have found practicalapplication in the production of colloidal materials or nano-particlepreparations.

Significant meritorical errors were made from the outset in the researchmeant to elucidate the mechanism of exploding wires. These errors werethe result of the application of the Classical Electrodynamics ofMaxwell. Dr. Grenau Sr. of MIT in the USA became an acknowledgedpropagator of this direction in research. The Drs. Grenau (Sr. and Jr.)undertook the approach of the so called longitudinal electrodynamicforces in order to explain the degradation of wire. Such hypothesis wereanchored in classical physics. Despite the fact, then, that lengthwiseelectrodynamic forces are not found in the mathematical equations ofFaraday, Maxwell or Lorentz, the Grenaus maintained that such forcesexist in nature and that it is possible to describe them by using the(modified) classical electrodynamics approach. We owe the discovery ofthe longitudinal forces in an electrical conductor to Ampere, however.For entire decades, the above mentioned longitudinal electrodynamicforces were mistakenly viewed as the explanation for the phenomenon ofexploding metal. Meanwhile, starting in 1948, solid state physicsreigned supreme. All of solid state physics is based in the effects ofsolutions to the Schrödinger quantum wave equation. Thus, in contrast toGrenau, in the modern age, physicists use quantum mechanics to solveproblems dealing with, among others, atomic and molecular eventsconnected to current flow in metals. In Poland, the subject ofexplosions of wire was studied by professors: Nasilowski (InstytutElektrotechniki w Warszawie-Miedzylesiu), Jakubiuk (PolitechnikaGadanska), and Walczuk (Politechnika Lodzka).

M J Pike-Biegunski, who performed his research for many years in the US,published there a series of papers dealing with the explosivedegradation of wires (also called “rozpadem pr

żkowym” in literature). (Literature 1, 2, 3, 4). After 1997, in Poland,M J Pike-Biegunski published reports on the topic of the explosivedegradation of wires (Literature 5, 6, 7). He also submitted a series ofinventions to the American and Polish patent offices (Literature 8, 9).In describing the phenomenon of wire explosions, M J Pike-Biegunski useda quantum model. In this area, this was the first attempt in the worldto view this phenomenon in these terms, and likewise the technologies ofproducing nano-materials based on it. (Literature 5)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Longitudinal forces and the explosive degradation of wires: In theliterature cited, published in Poland in 2001, it is shown thatlongitudinal forces occur in every conductor under the electricalcurrent flow. Such forces are strictly quantum mechanical in character.The source of the longitudinal forces in metallic conductors isexplained therefore in transfer of electrons which are colliding withthe crystalline lattice of the conductor (phonons) as well as withimpurities and structural metal crystal defects.

Conductor explosions as a source of nano-particles: Metallic conductorssubjected to the high-density currents “break up into fragments”. Thisoccurs when forces resulting from the collisions with metal ions exceedmetal cohesive forces. The degrading metal forms an immense number ofmicroscopic metallic fragments. The technique in which such adegradation takes place in a liquid medium is of particular practicalimportance. Metallic fragments formed as a result of this new techniquemay reach the nano-particle size and be characterized by a very largesurface area. In numerous experiments, the authors of the presentinvention produced nano-particles originating from a number of preciousand non-precious metals and alloys. Resulting from such experimentsparticles in colloids underwent structural and biocidal testing.

Explosive production of nano-particles: The explosive degradation ofwire facilitates a relatively simple means of producing metallicnano-particle materials. However, this seemingly well known process ismarred by a number of considerable, negative consequences. At first suchdisadvantages stem both from numerous undesirable properties of theproduct itself, as well as from the manufacturing process safety.Analysis of wire explosions shows the following undesirable factors:

1. It is impossible to control temperature within the explosion zone andthe conductor itself, since plasma is formed in the explosion channel.

2. As a result of plasma activity, the metal fragments ejected from theconductor undergo melting whereafter such metal fragments are rapidlycooled in a liquid.

3. Plasma causes oxidation, thus significantly degrading nanoparticles.

4. The melted fragments rapidly solidify in the liquid, thus formingspheroids.

5. Compared to other, more developed geometric shapes, spheroids havethe smallest possible active surface area.

6. The appearance of plasma, in conjunction with metal degradation andmelting, causes explosions resulting in high energy wave phenomenon.

A typical wire explosion occurs in a small volume over a very shorttime. Here, considerable large energy is released. For example, anexploding wire, 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm in length, occupies a volumeof 0.1 cm³. The explosion volume examined photographically is about 10cm³ The energy of the discharged condenser at 5000 V is 125 Joules. Theexperiment shows that the time of explosion is very short, lastingusually a fraction of a microsecond. The forces of such an explosionreach many Megawatts energy level, contributing to a very largeamplitude explosive wave. Such a “detonation” wave can destroy even athick-walled stainless steel reactor. Of course, the industrialnano-particle production process requires a great number of repeatedexplosions which have to occur in a short time. That in turn may lead tothe catastrophic destruction of manufacturing equipment. It isnoteworthy that to be economically viable and effective, the successiveexplosions should occur, on average, every 1 to 10 seconds. This in turnresults in a great number of explosions per hour, day, week, month,etc., constituting a quick degradation and safety of the manufacturingequipment.

It is worthy mentioning that the commonly used explosive processes ofnano-particle making production use only a small fraction of the energyoriginating from the current source. A great surplus of energy is wastedsince it is released into the wire containing liquid. The firstdeleterious effect of such an explosive nano-particle production is theappearance of spheroidal metal particles. This material appears inplasma through melting of the wire fragments. Fragments of this type areillustrated in the photograph made by using SEM (FIGS. A, B, C and D).Another undesirable side effect of such a production process is theappearance of plasma itself which causes the detonation in the reactor(FIG. 2). It turns out that both these factors exert a considerable,highly negative effect on the structure and shape of the nano-particlesproduced. As a result of the occurrence of the above mentioned effects,the active surface area of the obtained products is greatly reduced andthe nano-particles themselves exhibit re-melted structures withspheroidal shapes and unpredictable atomic structures.

The contact of plasma with a liquid medium (water) causes a detonation,thus producing waves with considerable energy. FIG. 3 shows anoscillogram of the current accompanying the wire explosion. It showsthat such an oscillogram shows a “spike event” characterised by the factthat a great electrical current flows through a wire in an extremelyshort time and that the plasma channel is appearing around it. The forceof such a current event released into the plasma channel is immense andamounts to many Megawatts. For comparison, FIG. 4 shows an oscillatorycurrent graph of a diminishing amplitude. This oscillogram was recordedfor the condenser discharge into a so-called “jumper” load.

Non-Explosive Particle Production

The subject of the present invention is the replacement of the explosiveproduction process used hereto by a non-explosive process. In contrastto the explosive technique, the present invention facilitates a radicaltechnology improvement. The non-explosive nano-particle manufacturingprocess differs significantly from the explosive process. Thisimprovement is based on the greatly decreased energy used in themanufacturing process. In accordance with the intention of the presentinvention, electrical energy is released only into the interior of themetal. In this new arrangement of nano technology none of the followingoccurs: plasma, melting, spheroid generation and detonation. As wepointed out earlier, the explosion occurs as the result of theinteraction between hot plasma and the surrounding liquid. Thetemperature of the wire itself is also greatly decreased in the presentinvention. This temperature is purposefully much lower than the metal'smelting temperature.

To summarise this new discovery:

1. A plasma channel does not appear around the wire.

2. In the absence of metal melting, the fragments do not assumestructural modification, and they do not form spheroids. The resultantmetallic fragments retain their initial, metallic molecular structureidentical to that of the virgin wire.

3. The geometry of the resultant nano fragments is flat (platelets orflakes), and the atomic structure is crystalline, FCC.

4. The active surface of this new product is also increased by manyfold.

5. Since the temperature of the manufacturing process is radicallyreduced, the degree of oxidation among the particles is marginal.

6. No explosions occur in the reactor or during the manufacturingprocess.

FIG. 5 presents a TEM image of silver fragments formed non-explosively.This image demonstrates small, flat metallic structures only severalatoms thick, nearly transparent to the electrons in TEM, the electrontransmission microscope. The silver atoms are arranged in parallel rows(FCC crystalline structure). The diameter of such a nano particle is onaverage only a few nanometres. (1 nm is about 3-4 intra-atomicdistances). The active surface area of the nano preparations accordingto the novel technology reported here is over 100 m²/g (square metersper gram of metal used). Attached is a report from the Institute ofPhysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Literature 8.

FIG. 6 shows photographs of the degradation of wire in the reactor. Awire is visible emitting metallic fragments forming a characteristicbrush image.

FIG. 7 shows an oscillogram of the non-explosive degradation. Here wesee that this oscillogram represents only a curve section of the naturaldischarge of a condenser through a jumper, in contrast to theoscillogram shown previously. See FIG. 4. As can be seen, during thenon-explosive degradation of the wire, the condenser discharge currentexhibits only the initial oscillation fragment shown in FIG. 4. This isexplained by the fact that in the case of a thin wire, during the firstoscillation the conductor is fragmented and the discharge circuit isbroken; therefore the electricity ceases to flow. The absence of plasmadoes not allow further oscillations to be sustained through the plasmachannel. It is also visible on the time axis that at the point at whichthe graph breaks off the wire degradation process is finished. Thisduration of such a novel, non explosive process lasts typically aboutseveral microseconds.

As a result of the application of the present invention, a radicalimprovement in the product quality is achieved. In particular, thedesirable biocidal properties are greatly improved. Such properties areconnected with both the atomic structure of the formed particles andwith the active surface of the nano-preparation. TEM studies in thiscase show nano-particles exhibiting an FCC cubic structure characterizedby several nanometer-range surface measurements. These particles are inthe form of flakes barely several atoms thick. The nano-particle productformed has an immense active surface area. It should also be noted thatwe have preferentially removed the danger of catastrophic reactorfailure from the explosion typically assisting in the wire degradationprocess. Thus the safety of the process has been greatly increased.

Preferentially, for the present invention, the amount of electricalenergy delivered to the wire has been significantly reduced. Whereasenergies in the range of several dozen to thousands of Joules are usedin devices destined for the explosive degradation of wire, the presentinvention uses from a fraction of a Joule to several Joules of energyonly. In the explosive method, the process duration is limited tofractions of microseconds. This time is independent of the RLC circuitparameters. In contrast and preferentially, in the non-explosive method,the degradation time is elongated and typically lasts from several toseveral dozen microseconds. The duration of the non-explosivedegradation is a function of the electrical parameters of the RLCcircuit. As was shown earlier in the explosive method, the temperatureof the wire greatly exceeds the melting temperature of the metal. In thenon-explosive method, this temperature is much lower than the meltingtemperature of metal. Table 1 presents the comparative data of processparameters used in the explosive method (EM) and the non-explosivemethod (NEM).

TABLE 1 Comparison of data compiled for both processes outlined above.Method: EM NEM Condenser cap. 10 microfarads 0.5 microfarads Potential5000 Volts 20 000 Volts Duration 0.5 microseconds 5.0 microsecondsConductor length 1 meter, parallel line 20 cm. axial line Conductor type(symmetrical cable) (concentric wire) Resistance unmatched loadresistance matched load resistance EM—Explosive method NEM—Non-explosivemethod

A comparison of both production methods, explosive and non-explosive,thus demonstrates significant differences and novel advantages of thepresent invention. The present invention is based on the determinationof radically new conditions for the degradation of wire under which allof the condenser's energy is used for the intended purpose. Thus, it isused to disperse the metal in a liquid. This eliminates deleterious sideeffects such as melting of metallic fragments, formation of plasma anddetonation. Preferentially, the active surface area of the productformed is increased (by at least two orders of magnitude). This amountsto over 100 square meters per gram of metal.

Crystalline Metallic Nano-Particles (Nano-Crystallites) and theirParameters, Particularly: Shape, Composition, Structure andCharacteristic Properties.

Crystalline metallic nano-particles, called nano-crystallites by theauthors, are produced as a result of the non-explosive, electricaldegradation of metal (for example silver or gold wire).

The results of this new and novel method of manufacturingnano-crystallites possess a very specific and characteristic structureand properties:

Nano-crystallites produced according to the present invention take theshape of tiny leaves or flakes with regular sides (as in a crystal) andexhibit astounding thinness, on average of several atoms in dimension.Here, we speak specifically of the “flake geometry” ofnano-crystallites.

Nano-crystallites possess the greatest achievable active surface.

Nano-crystallites produced according to the present invention arepractically flat structures, since their “third dimension” is reduced tothe minimum possible thickness, on average several atoms. This resultsin the least (practically) possible active surface which for silver isabout 100 m² per gram.

Nano-crystallites, as described above, are very durable and stable. Inthe case of silver, they do not react with most chemical compounds, noteven with most acids. Royal water (aqua regia) is needed to dissolvethem.

Nano-crystallites (including silver) are photostable, which means theydo not react to sunlight. In particular, under sunlight, they do notundergo almost any chemical reactions.

Nano-crystallites, as described above, usually possess a diameter ofabout 35 Angstroms (see histogram) and a thickness of about 10Angstroms. The non-explosive, electrical disintegration of metals andtheir alloys results in nano-crystallites of the above diameter, whereasthe remaining 20% are larger, though of the same thickness.Nano-crystallites, as above, are practically “transparent” to TEMelectrons.

Nano-crystallites, as above, due to their geometry (platelets) adhereextremely easily to most solid surfaces.

Nano-crystallites, as above, are mono-crystals. Each platelet forms amono-crystal.

Nano-crystallites, as above, are free of all surface contaminantstypical for a similar nano-particle products obtained via methods otherthan that described by the present invention, particularly by chemicalproduction processes.

Illustrations: FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E.

Summary of the characteristic properties of nano-crystallites:

1. mono-crystalline structure;

2. flat structure: flakes or platelets 3-5 atomic layers with regularatomic spacing (as in a crystal);

3. a majority (80%) is comprised of structures with a diameter of about35 Angstroms (see histogram);

4. the highest achievable active surface, which for silver is about 100m² per gram;

5. a structure almost “transparent” to electrons in TEM;

6. free of surface contaminants;

7. highly durable and stable, in the case of precious metals theseundergo (practically) no interactions with most chemical compounds;

8. highly “adhesive” to most surfaces;

9. no photoreactivity (no photographic effects typical of silver and itscompounds).

FIGS. 8 a-8 e are photographs of flat nano-particles.

The characteristics of the product obtained in this novel method werealso studied by the Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Institute ofEnvironmental Radiography and Electron Microscopy Laboratory of thePolish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.

The preparation for TEM consisted of pipetting two drops of the“Nano-Silver 04-21-06” liquid onto a copper grid (3 mm diameter) coatedwith a perforated carbon membrane (No. S147-4H, Agar Scientific). Theestimated volume of one drop was 14 μl (volume of a 1.5 mm sphere).

The studies were performed using a JEM2000EX TEM using a 200 keVelectron beam. Images were recorded on photographic film which were thenscanned on a Super Colorscan 8000 from Nikon.

Diffraction images were scanned at 1000 dpi whereas high-resolution TEMimages were scanned at 4000 dpi. Contrast resolution was 14 bits. Scanswere recorded in the TIFF6.0 format.

The TEM images showed crystalline particles settled on the carbonholder, the matrix. There was a clear division of particles in two sizeranges: micron-sized and nanometer-sized.

Diffraction images (FIG. 1 a) of the micron particles showed “point”reflections arranged in concentric rings. The diameters of these ringswere measured and compared to standard values corresponding to thestructure of crystalline silver.

Table 2. The first column of the table gives the respective ring numberbeginning with the ring with the least diameter, the second columncontains ring diameters empirically derived from the TEM images, thethird column contains standard values of atomic spacing between theplanes for the FCC crystalline structure of silver. (a=4,078 Å), thefourth column contains the product of the second and third column, thefifth, sixth and seventh columns contain Miller indices, whereas thelast column represents the lattice constant calculated using theequation:

$a = {\frac{\sqrt{h^{2} + k^{2} + l^{2}}}{2\; r}D}$

where 2r is ring diameter (value of column 2), h, k, l are Millerindices (columns 5, 6 and 7), and D is the constant of the microscopecamera with an average value of column 5.

3 21.3 1.442 30.71 0 2 2 4.093 4 25.0 1.230 30.75 1 1 3 4.089 5 26.51.177 31.19 2 2 2 4.029 6 30.3 1.020 30.91 0 0 4 4.069 7 32.7 0.93630.61 1 3 3 4.109 8 33.6 0.912 30.64 0 2 4 4.102 9 37.1 0.832 30.87 2 24 4.070 10 39.4 0.785 30.93 1 1 5 4.065 11 42.7 0.721 30.79 0 4 4 4.08312 44.8 0.689 30.87 1 3 5 4.070 Avg. 30.82 4.078 Std. 0.023 Dev.Based on electron wavelength, the constant D (λ=0.0251 Å) with an energyof 200 keV and a camera length of 60 cm is D=2*600 mm*0.051 A=30.1 mm*Å.

Diffraction images (FIG. 1 b) from areas containing nano-particlesshowed two diffuse rings, whose radii correspond to distances betweenvertices with the Miller indices {111} and {222}. The occurrence ofdiffuse rings is evidence of the fact that the size of the diffusingobjects is less than 10 nm. Nano-particle sizes were examined using TEMimages and the dark field technique based on the electrons forming thefirst diffraction ring. The result was presented on a frequency plot ofthe occurrence of particles according to size. It was assumed that theparticles are spherical. FIG. 2 presents TEM images with overlaid rings,whose diameters were taken to be particle diameters. Particle sizesranged from 2 to 8 nm, with an average value of 3.5 nm (see histogram,FIG. 9). A 400 000× magnified image (FIG. 3) shows individualnano-particles with visible systems of parallel straight lines. Thedistances between the lines are indicative of type {111} silver. On thisbasis, it may be stated that the nano-particles have a defect-free,crystalline structure with centered vertices. Well-formed side surfacescan be observed in 18 nm particles.

The TEM studies showed that the studied liquid contains silver particleswith an average diameter of 3.5 nm (see histogram, FIG. 9) and largerparticles of several microns. The particles of both sizes possess acubical crystalline structure with centered vertices and a latticeconstant of a=0.408±0.002 nm. No structural defects, such as twinning,were observed for nanometer-sized particles.

Due to their unique properties, nano-crystallites and their colloids canfind many potential applications. These applications are determined bythe properties of metals (or their alloys) from which thenano-crystallites are produced. Example indicated applications areconnected with the antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver andcopper, as well as with the antiviral activity of platinides as well astheir catalytic properties.

The use of precious and semi-precious metal nano-crystallites and theircolloids encompasses: antibacterial and antifungal applications,medicine, sanitization, disinfection, applications requiringbactericides or fungicides, antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis,plant protection, domestic animal protection, food conservation,cosmetics, wound dressings, antibacterial wound dressings, medical andcosmetic gels, wound dressing and regenerative gels (i.e. for burns),safety and conservation of food products, in particular easily spoiledgoods such as eggs and their derivatives, ice-cream, mayonnaise, cheese,fish, seafood, meat (in particular ground meat) fruits and vegetables,water and beverage additives, diet supplements, cosmetics (creams, gels,lotions, tonics, pastes, liquids and soaps, as well as householdproducts) additives for laundry and ironing, washing up, washing,protection of textiles, conservation of footwear, disinfection of spacesand surfaces, disinfection and protection of agricultural enterprisesincluding animal inventory, protection of the body and feet, protectionof plants, in particular fruit, vegetables and flowers, nanobiotics,disinfection, and purification of water particularly through thedestruction of bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas or Streptococus,protection of consumable and agricultural eggs through inoculation withsilver; production of bacteria-free eggs (i.e. Salmonella) and by thesame token ones safe for consumers and with increased shelf-life,production of antibacterial and antifungal paints, varnishes, andconstruction materials. Other applications are also possible, such asimmunostimulants, food supplements, fuel additives for increasing theirenergy yield and shelf-life, fuel additives for decreasing thepollutants produced during combustion, lubricant additives for improvingtheir mechanical properties, anti-viral agents, and nano-biotics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

-   1. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Damages to Electrical Connections by    Electrotensiometric Forces” 29th Annual Connector and    Interconnection Symposium and Trade Show, Boston Mass., Sep. 16-18    1996, pages 371 to 395. Proceedings.-   2. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Electromagnetic radiation from Termination    Points of Metallic Conductor”, Forty First Holm Conference on    Electrical Contacts, October 2-4 Montreal, Canada 1995, pages 165    to 175. Proceedings.-   3. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Process for fabricating Diamond by    Supercritical Electrical Current” U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,243, August    1995.-   4. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Electrical Conductance at Tin-Tin Interfaces    under Stationary and In Motion Conditions” 36th IEEE Holm Conference    on Electrical Contacts Montreal, Canada, August 1990, pages 232    to 247. Proceedings.-   5. M J Pike-Biegunski, “The Nonthermal Interactions Between    Electrons and the Crystalline Lattice” Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki    Lodzkiej,-Elektryka z.95 2001, strony 17 do 40. (jezyk angielski)-   6. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Rozpad Wybuchowy Drutu,” Przeglad    Elektrotechniczny I'99 (styczen 1999) strony 11 do 15. (jezyk    polski) in translation: “On the Explosive Wire Degradation” The    Electro Technical Review magazine, Poland-   7. M J Pike-Biegunski, “Zastosowanie Materia 10 w Nano    Czasteczkowych w Medycynie i Farmacji” miesiecznik: Lek w Polsce: 3    kolejne artykuly nr.9,10,11 wydania z roku 2005 in translation: “On    the Nano Materials Applications to Medicine and Pharmacy” Drugs in    Poland magazine

1. A method of producing a colloid or its derivative, characterized inthat an electrical conductor in the form of a solid is placed in adispersion medium, subjected to electrical disintegration by acontrolled current from a charged electrical condenser, wherein theprocess of electrical disintegration is non-explosive and thetemperature of disintegration of the conductor is lower than its meltingtemperature, and the electrical conductor forms microparticles andnano-particles as the dispersed phase of the colloid produced.
 2. Amethod according to claim 1, characterized in that the sizes of thenano-particles of the dispersed phase are contained in the statisticalrange from 20 to 80 Angstroms, and the sizes of the microparticlesproduced are larger than 80 Angstroms.
 3. A method according to claim 1,characterized in that the nano-particles of the dispersed phasetypically vary in size from 2 to 8 nm, with an average value of 3.5 nm,wherein they assume the shape of platelets with a typical thickness of3-5 atoms.
 4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that thedisintegration time of the metal conductor lasts around 4-5 microsecondsand a plasma channel does not appear around the conductor.
 5. A methodaccording to claim 1, characterized in that the disintegration producesnano-crystallites with an atomic crystal structure identical to theinitial crystal structure of the electrical conductor, and the contentof melted metal particles or metallic spheroids is less than 50%.
 6. Amethod according to claim 1, characterized in that the controlledcurrent is sinusoidal, interrupted in time or during a secondoscillation and is not a spike event.
 7. A method according to claim 1,characterized in that the electrical current density in the electricalconductor once the controlled current is applied is from 1 kA to 50 kA.8. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the electricalconductor is selected from a group containing chemically pure metals,metals with additives, alloys or solid-state mixtures of metals, alloysof metals and semiconductors or dielectrics.
 9. A method according toclaim 1, characterized in that the dispersion medium is a liquid, gas,dispersed gas (gas at low pressure), a combination thereof or a vacuum.10. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dispersionmedium comprises at least one of the following components: water, gas,liquified gas, aerosols, gels, oils and organic liquids such as liquidhydrocarbons, crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil, heating oil, or a mixturethereof.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the colloid producedcontaining nano-particles is introduced into another medium, or apolymerizing substance.
 12. A method according to claim 11,characterized in that prior to placement in the other medium, at least aportion of the initial dispersion medium is removed. 13-14. (canceled)15. The method of claim 1, characterized in that the electricaldisintegration is performed in a target environment or in a colloid,obtaining one of the following systems: silver in vitamins, gold insterile distilled water or physiological solutions, chromium-nickel insilicone oils, palladium in benzene or toluene, naphtha, crude oil oroil, silver and/or gold in an acetylsalicylic acid solution, silver inalcohol, gasoline, crude oil, refined oil or glycerine. 16-17.(canceled)
 18. Nano-particles of an electrically conducting substance,characterized in that they are non-ionic, crystalline fragments of anelectrically conducting substance in the form of platelets with a sizeranging from 2 to 8 nm, and a thickness of about 3-5 atomic layers. 19.Nano-particles according to claim 18, characterized in that theelectrically conducting substance is selected from a group containingchemically pure metals, metals with additives, alloys or solid-statemixtures of metals, alloys of metals and semiconductors or dielectrics.20. A colloid, characterized in that it contains: a) a dispersed phasecomposed of nano-particles of an electrically conducting substance, inthe form of non-ionic, crystalline fragments of an electricallyconducting substance in the form of platelets with a size ranging from 2to 8 nm, and a thickness of about 3-5 atomic layers, and b) a dispersionmedium being a liquid or a gas or a mixture thereof. 21-22. (canceled)23. A colloid according to claim 20, characterized in that theelectrically conducting substance is a precious metal or its alloy.24-27. (canceled)
 28. The colloid of claim 20, characterized in that thecolloid produced is in the form of an aqueous suspension containingnano-particles of silver, its alloys or other metals. 29-30.a (canceled)30b. The colloid of claim 20, wherein the colloid or its derivativecontains a metal which is an efficient electrical conductor. 31.(canceled)
 32. The colloid of claim 20, wherein the colloid or itsderivative contains a platinide.
 33. (canceled)